Poland

Gambaran umum ekonomi & industri

Poland is the largest economy in Central and Eastern Europe, reaching approximately $980 billion in nominal GDP in 2025 and crossing the symbolic $1 trillion threshold by some national measurements. The economy is driven by manufacturing (including a growing EV battery and automotive supply chain), a large banking sector, energy (dominated by state-controlled ORLEN), and expanding retail and e-commerce industries. Poland is a member of the European Union and NATO, and has benefited from sustained foreign direct investment and EU structural funds over the past two decades, supporting strong infrastructure development and nearshoring activity. Real GDP growth was approximately 3.6% in 2025, supported primarily by private consumption, and the Warsaw Stock Exchange (GPW) is the largest equity market in the CEE region with around 399 listed companies and a total market capitalisation of approximately $700 billion USD. The country maintains a relatively low unemployment rate (around 3%) and has a diversified industrial base spanning food processing, furniture, chemicals, machinery, and information technology services.

Sektor utama

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Makro

GDP nominal, USD	$980.00B
Pertumbuhan GDP riil, tahunan	3.6%
Inflasi tahunan	3.6%
Populasi orang	38.1M
GDP per kapita USD	$28,374
Kapitalisasi pasar total tercatat, USD	$700.00B
Kapitalisasi pasar / GDP	71.4%
Pengangguran	3.0%
Perusahaan terdaftar	399
Bursa	Warsaw Stock Exchange (Giełda Papierów Wartościowych) (GPW)

Tahun data: 2025. Sumber: IMF World Economic Outlook April 2026 (GDP, GDP per capita, growth, inflation), companiesmarketcap.com - Warsaw Stock Exchange largest companies June 2026, topforeignstocks.com - Full list of Polish ADRs (April 2026), BlackRock iShares EPOL fund page (expense ratio, AUM, holdings, June 2026), Warsaw Stock Exchange GPW statistics (February 2026 market cap PLN 2.5T), Worldometer Poland Population 2025, tradingeconomics.com - Poland unemployment rate 2025, statista.com - Poland inflation rate 2025, State Dept 2025 Investment Climate Statement Poland, investingintheweb.com - Best Online Brokers in Poland 2026, freenance.io - Investing in Poland as a Foreigner 2026, goldenvisas.com - Poland golden visa overview, uscisguide.com - Poland residency by investment, architectureofsales.com - Poland promising industries 2026, Wikipedia - Warsaw Stock Exchange, est: EEM/VWO Poland allocations based on MSCI/FTSE index weight knowledge.

Bursa lokal & akses

Bursa	Warsaw Stock Exchange (Giełda Papierów Wartościowych)
Kode	GPW
Situs web	www.gpw.pl
Mata uang	PLN

Akses broker lokal

Interactive Brokers offers direct access to the Warsaw Stock Exchange (GPW) for foreign clients and publishes its GPW fee schedule publicly; it is rated the top international broker available in Poland. Saxo Bank operates locally in Poland (Saxo Bank A/S, Polish Branch) and provides access to GPW-listed stocks as well as 71,000+ instruments across 30+ exchanges globally. XTB (a Polish-headquartered broker) and DM BOŚ (Bank Ochrony Środowiska) are local Polish brokerage firms that are KNF-regulated and offer GPW access. Foreign residents wishing to invest via a local Polish broker must register for a NIP number and typically maintain a local bank account. Major EU-passported brokers (DEGIRO, Exante, Swissquote) also provide GPW access to eligible clients. All brokers operating in Poland are supervised by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority (KNF).

Broker global dengan akses pasar asing

• Interactive Brokers — Direct access to 90+ markets worldwide, including many emerging exchanges.
• Saxo Bank — Multi-market access across Asia, Europe and the Middle East.
• Charles Schwab (Global) — Foreign ordinary shares on select markets; US-listed ADRs and ETFs.
• Fidelity International Trading — International stock trading on a number of developed and emerging markets.

Dicantumkan hanya untuk kemudahan — bukan rekomendasi. Pasar yang tersedia, biaya, dan aturan pendaftaran berbeda berdasarkan broker dan negara tempat tinggal Anda.

Relokasi & residensi

Akses investor asing

Poland imposes no general foreign-ownership restrictions on publicly listed equities on the GPW for most sectors. Foreign individuals and entities may freely purchase shares listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Certain strategic sectors (defence, energy infrastructure, media) may have limits under Polish strategic company protection laws. To open a local brokerage account, foreigners typically need a NIP tax identification number (substituting the Polish PESEL number), a valid passport, proof of address, and often a Polish or EU bank account for settlements. Foreign residents living in Poland for 183+ days per year become Polish tax residents and are liable for Polish capital gains tax (19% flat rate on investment income). Non-residents are also subject to 19% withholding on dividends from Polish companies unless a lower tax treaty rate applies.