Hungary — Perfil do país

Europe

Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule after World War II. In 1956, Moscow responded to a Hungarian revolt and announcement of its withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact with a massive military intervention. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later.

Economia

Budget: revenues:
$69.793 billion (2022 est.)
expenditures:
$80.429 billion (2022 est.)
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Exports: Exports 2022:
$158.98 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023:
$173.034 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024:
$166.503 billion (2024 est.)
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports: Imports 2022:
$167.262 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023:
$163.192 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024:
$154.077 billion (2024 est.)
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Industries: mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles
Labor force: 4.954 million (2024 est.)
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Public debt: Public debt 2022:
75.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Remittances: Remittances 2022:
2.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023:
2.4% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024:
2.3% of GDP (2024 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Exchange rates: Currency:
forints (HUF) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020:
307.997 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021:
303.141 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022:
372.596 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023:
353.088 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024:
365.691 (2024 est.)
Economic overview: high-income EU and OECD economy; modest recovery from 2024 recession driven by private consumption and moderated inflation; challenges include high fiscal deficits, frozen access to EU funds, and risks from export reliance; implementing tax exemptions, price controls, and mortgage interest caps ahead of 2026 elections
Unemployment rate: Unemployment rate 2022:
3.7% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023:
4.2% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024:
4.5% (2024 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment
Exports - partners: Germany 25%, Italy 6%, Romania 6%, USA 5%, Slovakia 4% (2023)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Imports - partners: Germany 23%, China 7%, Austria 6%, Poland 6%, S. Korea 6% (2023)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Real GDP per capita: Real GDP per capita 2022:
$40,700 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023:
$40,400 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024:
$40,700 (2024 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: Real GDP growth rate 2022:
4.3% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023:
-0.8% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024:
0.5% (2024 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Agricultural products: maize, wheat, barley, milk, sunflower seeds, sugar beets, rapeseed, apples, pork, grapes (2023)
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Exports - commodities: cars, vehicle parts/accessories, electric batteries, packaged medicine, computers (2023)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports - commodities: vehicle parts/accessories, natural gas, integrated circuits, broadcasting equipment, industrial acids/oils/alcohols (2023)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Current account balance: Current account balance 2022:
-$14.699 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023:
$751.071 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024:
$5.074 billion (2024 est.)
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Taxes and other revenues: 23.4% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
GDP (official exchange rate): $222.905 billion (2024 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption:
49.1% (2023 est.)
government consumption:
19.9% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories:
0.3% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital:
25.6% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services:
80.8% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services:
-76.3% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Population below poverty line: 12.1% (2021 est.)
note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Average household expenditures: on food:
16.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco:
7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022:
14.6% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023:
17.1% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024:
3.7% (2024 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Industrial production growth rate: -2.5% (2024 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022:
$390.513 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023:
$387.223 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024:
$389.207 billion (2024 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24): male:
14.8% (2024 est.)
total:
14.1% (2024 est.)
female:
13.1% (2024 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022:
$41.219 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023:
$45.719 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024:
$46.422 billion (2024 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: industry:
23.9% (2024 est.)
services:
59.7% (2024 est.)
agriculture:
2.4% (2024 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%:
2.8% (2022 est.)
highest 10%:
24.4% (2022 est.)
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022:
30.2 (2022 est.)
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Energia

Coal: exports:
115,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports:
452,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
production:
4.293 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption:
4.694 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves:
2.633 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production:
36,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves:
12.1 million barrels (2021 est.)
refined petroleum consumption:
179,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Electricity: exports:
8.863 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports:
19.963 billion kWh (2023 est.)
consumption:
42.739 billion kWh (2023 est.)
installed generating capacity:
14.829 million kW (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses:
2.454 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Natural gas: imports:
8.216 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
production:
1.612 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption:
8.293 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves:
3.738 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Nuclear energy: Number of operational nuclear reactors:
4 (2025)
Percent of total electricity production:
48.8% (2023 est.)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors:
1.92GW (2025 est.)
Electricity access: electrification - total population:
100% (2022 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: Total energy consumption per capita 2023:
96.152 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources: wind:
1.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar:
19.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear:
44.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
fossil fuels:
28.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity:
0.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste:
4.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Mais sobre Hungary

People and Society

Languages: Languages:
Hungarian (official) 98.8%, English 25.3%, German 12.6%, Russian 2.1%, French 1.5%, Romanian 1.4%, other 5.1% (2022 est.)
major-language sample(s):

A World Factbook nélkülözhetetlen forrása az alapvető információnak. (Hungarian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one spoken language
Religions: Catholic 30.1% (Roman Catholic 27.5%, Greek Catholic 1.7%, other Catholic 0.9%), Calvinist 9.8%, Lutheran 1.8%, other Christian (includes Orthodox) 1.6%, other 0.4%, none 16.1%, no answer 40.1% (2022 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth:
1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years:
1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.03 male(s)/female
total population:
0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over:
0.69 male(s)/female
Birth rate: 9.03 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 14.41 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age: male:
42.8 years
total:
45.1 years (2025 est.)
female:
46.7 years
Population: male:
4,812,668
total:
9,855,745 (2024 est.)
female:
5,043,077
Nationality: noun:
Hungarian(s)
adjective:
Hungarian
Tobacco use: male:
33.7% (2025 est.)
total:
28.5% (2025 est.)
female:
23.8% (2025 est.)
Urbanization: urban population:
72.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization:
0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years:
14.6% (male 753,955/female 683,943)
15-64 years:
63.9% (male 3,195,761/female 3,104,750)
65 years and over:
21.5% (2024 est.) (male 862,952/female 1,254,384)
Ethnic groups: Hungarian 84.3%, Romani 2.1%, German 1%, other 1.2%, unspecified 13.7% (2022 est.)
note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–10% of Hungary's population
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio:
56.4 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio:
22.8 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio:
3 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio:
33.6 (2024 est.)
Physician density: 3.46 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Health expenditure: Health expenditure (as % of GDP):
7.4% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget):
9.9% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: 2.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density: 6.8 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source: improved: rural:
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total:
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban:
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural:
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total:
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban:
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure: Education expenditure (% GDP):
3.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget):
7.8% national budget (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate: male:
5 deaths/1,000 live births
total:
4.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female:
4.3 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate: -0.29% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.78 (2025 est.)
Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
Life expectancy at birth: male:
72.9 years
female:
79.3 years
total population:
76 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved: rural:
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total:
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban:
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural:
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total:
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban:
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita: beer:
3.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine:
3.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total:
10.79 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits:
3.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols:
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 1.778 million BUDAPEST (capital) (2023)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 26.4% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 28.4 years (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49): 52.3% (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): male:
15 years (2023 est.)
total:
16 years (2023 est.)
female:
16 years (2023 est.)

Government

Flag: description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green

meaning: folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red can stand for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for pasturelands

history: the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor of the French flag
Capital: name:
Budapest
etymology:
Buda on the western shore of the Danube and Pest on the eastern shore merged in 1873 to form Budapest; Buda's name may derive from the name of its founder or from a local word meaning "water;" Pest derives from a Slavic word meaning "furnace" or "oven"
time difference:
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
geographic coordinates:
47 30 N, 19 05 E
Suffrage: 18 years of age, 16 if married and marriage is registered in Hungary; universal
Citizenship: citizenship by birth:
no
citizenship by descent only:
at least one parent must be a citizen of Hungary
dual citizenship recognized:
yes
residency requirement for naturalization:
8 years
Constitution: history:
previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following the collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012
amendment process:
proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by parliamentary committee, or by Parliament members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament members and approval by the president
Country name: former:
Kingdom of Hungary, Hungarian People's Republic, Hungarian Soviet Republic, Hungarian Republic
etymology:
the Byzantine Greeks referred to the tribes that arrived on the steppes of Eastern Europe in the 9th century as the "Oungroi," a name that later became "Hungari," which originally meant an "[alliance of] ten tribes;" the Hungarian name Magyarorszag means "Country of the Magyars," which may be derived from the name of the most prominent of the Hungarian tribes
local long form:
none
local short form:
Magyarorszag
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Hungary
Independence: 16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)
Legal system: civil system influenced by the German model
Government type: parliamentary republic
Judicial branch: highest court(s):
Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of the president, vice president, department heads, and has a maximum of 113 judges, and is organized into civil, criminal, and administrative-labor departments; Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)
subordinate courts:
5 regional courts of appeal; 19 regional or county courts (including Budapest Metropolitan Court); 20 administrative-labor courts; 111 district or local courts
judge selection and term of office:
Curia president elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, a separate 15-member administrative body; judge tenure based on interim evaluations until normal retirement at age 62; Constitutional Court judges, including the president of the court, elected by the National Assembly; court vice president elected by the court itself; members serve 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 62
Executive branch: cabinet:
Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president
chief of state:
President Tamas SULYOK (since 5 March 2024)
election results:

2024: Tamas SULYOK elected president; National Assembly vote - 134 to 5

2022: Katalin NOVAK (Fidesz) elected president; National Assembly vote - 137 to 51
head of government:
Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010)
most recent election date:
president: 26 February 2024

prime minister: 3 April 2022
election/appointment process:
president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president
expected date of next election:
president: spring 2029

prime minister: April or May 2027
National holiday: Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August (1083)
note: commemorates the saint's canonization and the transfer of his remains to Buda (now Budapest) in 1083
National color(s): red, white, green
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites:
8 (7 cultural, 1 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales:
Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter, and Andrássy Avenue (c); Old Village of Hollókő and its Surroundings (c); Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst (n); Millenary Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma and its Natural Environment (c); Hortobágy National Park - the Puszta (c); Early Christian Necropolis of Pécs (Sopianae) (c); Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape (c); Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape (c)
Political parties: Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP
Democratic Coalition or DK
Dialogue for Hungary or Párbeszéd
Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz
Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP
Jobbik - Conservatives or Jobbik
LMP-Hungary's Green Party or LMP
Mi Hazank (Our Homeland Movement) or MHM
Momentum Movement or Momentum
Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik
National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary or MNOÖ
On the People's Side or A Nép Pártján
Our Homeland Movement or Mi Hazánk
TISZA – Respect and Freedom Party or TISZA
Legislative branch: chamber name:
National Assembly (Orszaggyules)
term in office:
4 years
number of seats:
199 (all directly elected)
electoral system:
mixed system
legislature name:
National Assembly (Országgyülés)
scope of elections:
full renewal
legislative structure:
unicameral
most recent election date:
4/3/2022
expected date of next election:
April 2026
percentage of women in chamber:
15.6%
parties elected and seats per party:
Hungarian Civic Union-Christian Democratic People's Party (FIDESZ-KDNP) (135); Democratic Coalition (DK) (15); Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik) (10); Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) (10); Momentum (10); Other (19)
National anthem(s): title:
"Himnusz" (Hymn)
history:
adopted 1844
lyrics/music:
Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL
National symbol(s): Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen)
Administrative divisions: 19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 25 cities with county rights (megyei jogu varosok, singular - megyei jogu varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros)

counties: Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad-Csanad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala

cities with county rights: Baja, Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Erd, Esztergom, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Salgotarjan, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szekszard, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg

capital city: Budapest
Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX:
[1] (202) 966-8135
chancery:
1500 Rhode Island Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20005
telephone:
[1] (202) 362-6730
consulate(s):
Houston, Miami
chief of mission:
Ambassador Szabolcs Ferenc TAKÁCS (since 23 December 2020)
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
email address and website:

info.was@mfa.gov.hu

https://washington.mfa.gov.hu/eng
Diplomatic representation from the US: FAX:
[36] (1) 475-4248
embassy:
Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest
telephone:
[36] (1) 475-4400
mailing address:
5270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270
chief of mission:
Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Caroline SAVAGE (since November 2025)
email address and website:

acs.budapest@state.gov

https://hu.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICC jurisdiction

Communications

Internet users: percent of population:
92% (2024 est.)
Broadcast media: mixed system of state-supported media and private broadcasters; the 5 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; large number of special-interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing the services; 4 state-supported radio networks; large number of local stations, including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition completed in 2013 (2019)
Internet country code: .hu
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions:
2.693 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
28 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions:
10.2 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
104 (2022 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total:
3.56 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:
37 (2023 est.)

Transportation

Airports: 109 (2025)
Railways: total:
7,687 km (2020) 3,111 km electrified
Heliports: 15 (2025)
Merchant marine: total:
1 (2023)
by type:
other 1
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: HA

Geography

Area: land:
89,608 sq km
water:
3,420 sq km
total :
93,028 sq km
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border
Land use: other:
20.9% (2023 est.)
forest:
22.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land:
55.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land:
arable land: 45.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops:
permanent crops: 1.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture:
permanent pasture: 8.6% (2023 est.)
Location: Central Europe, northwest of Romania
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Elevation: lowest point:
Tisza River 78 m
highest point:
Kekes 1,014 m
mean elevation:
143 m
Irrigated land: 1,331 sq km (2022)
Map references: Europe
Land boundaries: total:
2,106 km
border countries:
Austria 321 km; Croatia 348 km; Romania 424 km; Serbia 164 km; Slovakia 627 km; Slovenia 94 km; Ukraine 128 km
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Geography - note: landlocked; strategic location on main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula, as well as between Ukraine and the Mediterranean basin; the Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions
Natural resources: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Virginia; about the same size as Indiana
Geographic coordinates: 47 00 N, 20 00 E
Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
Major lakes (area sq km): fresh water lake(s):
Lake Balaton - 590 sq km
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage:
(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Major rivers (by length in km): Duna (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km

note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Environment

Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Geoparks: global geoparks and regional networks:
Bakony-Balaton; Bukk Region; Hungary; Novohrad-Nógrád (includes Slovakia) (2024)
total global geoparks and regional networks:
4 (2024)
Land use: other:
20.9% (2023 est.)
forest:
22.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land:
55.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land:
arable land: 45.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops:
permanent crops: 1.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture:
permanent pasture: 8.6% (2023 est.)
Urbanization: urban population:
72.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization:
0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually:
3.781 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled:
31% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues: air and soil pollution; water pollution from industry and large-scale agriculture
Total water withdrawal: municipal:
660 million cubic meters (2022)
industrial:
3.758 billion cubic meters (2022)
agricultural:
548.613 million cubic meters (2022)
Carbon dioxide emissions: total emissions:
40.161 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas:
15.901 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke:
3.373 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids:
20.887 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions: 14.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 104 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements: party to:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
Antarctic-Environmental Protection

Military and Security

Military - note: the Hungarian Defense Forces (HDF) are responsible for ensuring the defense of the country’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, and citizens, and fulfilling Hungary’s commitments to the EU and NATO, as well as contributing to other international peacekeeping efforts under the UN; key areas of concern for the HDF the HDF is also responsible for some aspects of domestic security, crisis management, disaster response, and assisting law enforcement forces in border security

Hungary has been a member of NATO since 1999 and considers the collective defense ensured within the Alliance as a cornerstone of the country’s security; NATO membership is complemented by Hungary’s ties to the EU under its Common Security and Defense Policy; the HDF has participated in multiple NATO-led security missions, including in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kosovo, as well as EU-led missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Mali; it hosts a NATO battlegroup comprised of troops from Croatia, Hungary, Italy, and the US, and NATO’s Multinational Division Center, a headquarters capable of commanding a division-sized force (typically 15-20,000 troops) in a crisis; both organizations were established as a result of Russian aggression against Ukraine; Hungary is a member of the Visegrad Group, a regional platform that brings together Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia to discuss cultural, defense, and political cooperation (2025)
Military deployments: 250 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 200 Chad; 470 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2025)
Military expenditures: Military Expenditures 2021:
1.7% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022:
1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023:
2.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024:
2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2025:
2.1% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military and security forces: Hungarian Defense Forces (HDF or Magyar Honvédség): the HDF is organized as a joint force under a general staff with commands for land, air, cyber, special operations, territorial defense, and support forces (2025)
note: the National Police are under the Ministry of Interior and responsible for maintaining order nationwide; the Ministry of Interior also has the Counterterrorism Center, a special police force responsible for protecting the president and the prime minister and for preventing, uncovering, and detecting terrorist acts
Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 2005) (2026)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the HDF has a mix of Soviet-era and more modern, NATO-compatible arms from such countries as Germany, France, Norway, Sweden, Türkiye, and the US; in 2017, Budapest launched a modernization program aimed at replacing its Soviet-era weaponry with modern systems; Hungary has also placed emphasis on building up its defense industrial capacity (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 30,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees:
72,359 (2024 est.)
stateless persons:
101 (2024 est.)

Fonte: CIA World Factbook (domínio público).

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